Formalism in Art and Design

Formalism in Art and Design When thinking about formalism there is a larger perceived concept in society about this movement; there are many different types of formalism present in civilization which includes formalism in law, science, and art and design etc. This essay will focus on formalism in art and design specifically and certain questions will be answered to make the subject clear; what is formalism? How does formalism differ from other processes in art making? Why is this art movement so important to design? What era and movement in art do we specifically ascribe formalism to? This essay will also include three pictures that subscribe notions of formalism and will be briefly discussed. Each of these questions will be examined and answered to clarify the concept of formalism to a person who is not familiar with this movement. FORMALISM What is formalism? Many people believe that formalism only focuses on the form of an artwork or design which is not necessarily accurate because according to Wolf; formalism is the balance of certain elements in a design or painting. Formalism has a specific approach of art criticism and hypothesis to which all visual art has a fundamental importance. This importance is determined by the artists ability to accomplish a visual order and the balance of certain elements reality within a painting or image. These elements reality are the painting or image use of colour, line, composition and texture. No matter how much artistic technique and taste may transform over a period of time, formalism holds that these realities are constant (Wolf, 2009:[sp]). There is a theory developed of formalism that the object can stand on its own based on its construction significance according to Nelingburg; that formalism is art for the sake of art (Nelingburg, 2011: [sp]). Platos Theory of form When looking at Platos Theory of Form, it is a theory that can be used to assist with the understanding of formalism. The philosopher, Plato developed a Theory of Forms based on the proposal of eidos, which basically means stature or appearance. Plato applied the phrase generally in his diverse dialogues to propose a rudimentary general language. Every earthly object; a tangible object (like a chair) or abstract object (like human asset), has a mutual characteristic; all of the objects have form. Platos hypothesis is better understood when looking at his Allegory of the Cave; he visualises a cave which held captive prisoners who had never left the cave, all the prisoners could see were workers shadows cast on the cave walls, and all they could hear were the voices echoing in the cave. This is all that the prisoners knew about the outside world, so they perceived the voices and shadows as actual forms of real objects and were absolutely unaware that the forms were just mimicries of th e genuine things. Plato stated that the prisoners perception of objects was not false; because of their understanding of the world; by their understanding of the world, the shadows and echoes were the actual forms, just as a painting of a woman is as real, if not more real, than the actual woman who is depicted on the canvas. (Wolf, 2009:[sp]). The people imagined to be trapped in the cave have no idea of what the world looks like, so by just seeing the shadows and hearing the noises, this is all they will ever experience from the outside world, this is what is real to them because they have not been exposed to anything else. How does formalism differ from other processes in art making? The starting point of formalism is deeply ingrained in ancient thought, for they believed that the cosmos is ruled by numerical association, or in the concept of form as inelegant quality of things, imposed upon or intrinsic and these ideas were applied to art (Williams, 2009: [sp]). Formalists only concentrated on formal assets of works of art and assume that these forms follow their own development (Hatt, Klonk, 2006: 66). This shows the different believes that the formalist had about the art and how they applied this to the art process. One of the characteristics of formalism is that the artist was concerned with the manner of perception of the forms in the absence of any connotation. Kant proposes it that formalism refers to assets of seeing of objects (Crysler Cairns Heynen, 2012: [sp]). Where as in other movements is art such as Art Nuevo form was not that important, artists were more concerned with the decoration of the design and this was where mass production first occurre d. It is said that this era was the first time that modern civilisation used mechanism to construct designs (Wolf, 2009:[sp]). Why is formalism important to design? As stated above (What is formalism) that formalism focus on the importance of balancing elements in a design, (Wolf, 2009: [sp]); this aspect is applicable when looking at the design process of today, the use of elements will determine the principles which if the design achieves balance, it represents formalist characteristic. The theory of formalism states that it places emphasis on the design value; this theory implies that the most essential aspect of a work of art or design is the successful arrangement of the elements through the principles of design (Kjeria, 2008: [sp]). According to these points, if a design does not use the balance of elements, the design will not be successful and this is where formalism influenced the designing method of today. What era and movement is formalism ascribed to? It is claimed that within the early decades of 20th century there was an apprehension for formal qualities known as the formalism movement, it has been seen as the characteristic of art criticism (Schechter, [sa]: 261). The movement that formalism can be recognized to is modernism since much of the research done on formalism is connected with the modernism movement. The implement of artistic freedom became essential to progressive modernism; artists began to search for freedom not just from the rules of scholastic art, but from the demands of the community. Quickly it was claimed that art should not be made for the publics sake but for arts sake. The term art for art sake is also used (mentioned in previous paragraph) to describe modernism, this states that a call for discharge from the oppression of meaning and intention. Witcombe declared it a developing modernists point of view, that the meaning of the creation was an additional implement of freedom. It is also said to be a plot, another intentional disrespect towards the middle class responsiveness which demanded art with meaning or it had some reason such as instruct or pleasure and usually to reflect in some way their own focused and purpose-full world (Witcombe, 1997: [sp]). This quote; art for art sake is mention by Witcombe and Nelingburg, thus it may imply that there are subtle similarities between formalism and modernism. Modernism vs. Formalism The 20th century has focused its artistic awareness on progressive modernism to the extent that conformist modernism has been abandoned and derides as an art form. It is speculated that modernism art is practised completely within a closed formalist speciality, essentially detached from, not to be infected by the real world. In particular, abstraction, formalism could adopt the advantages of the progressives, who used it in justification of modernism, which has been particularly open to criticism. In the early 20th century, formalism was also efficiently united with other objectives of progressive modernism, universalism (Witcombe, 1997: [sp]). It can be assumed that the formalist and modernist movements were infused with each other in order to be seen as an art movement; they both needed each other to have subsisted. Formalist artworks Dare two In this artwork the artist used several elements to create a balance in the composition, which is what formalism portrays; the artist commemorates the new direction in geometrical abstraction and spiritual associations. The other element used in this piece was colour, it has reflection towards movements such as Neo Geo and formalism gives way to underlining perceptive progression and the enjoyment of art making (2012: [sp]). Repetition is also seen in the art; by repeating the colours, line and forms, this principle creates a unifying feature to the art as whole. By using some of the elements and principles in a balancing method the viewer can distinguish that it has a formalistic value. According to Dictionary.com, the definition of abstract is: thought of apart from concrete realities, specific objects, or actual instances, this artwork also has these qualities of abstract art which can also be classified as abstract formalism. Untitled For Joel Shapiro (the artist) form is the most important characteristic of this untitled sculpture, according to Nelingburg, form was essential to the artist because emphasise of the sculpture is based on its physical structure and form, the sculpture relies on abstraction. There is a lot of awareness brought on the figures based on the materials that were used and the colours that make them, but the main focus is the shape and what they symbolize since it portrays the human body (Nelingburg, 2011:[sp]). By looking at the characteristics of the figure, it can be assumed that the artist successfully used the elements that are present in the model in an equal way, but in this case the form was the most important element present because it is a sculpture. As stated above (what is formalism), according to Nelingburg, there is a presumption developed that an artwork can stand on its own foundation based on aesthetic values, when specifically looking at formalistic sculptures (2011: [sp]). Friendly Formalism S. Stratton and J. M. Ward, art critics express that Ps Qs as friendly formalism, the artwork flirts with the rigidity of the 20th century formalism, but gives it a current 21th century twist. This artwork is described as playful, which is definitely far more cherished and forthcoming than the canonical mid-century artworks that are connected with the formalist philosopher Clement Greenbergs theories: works of art are colourful, relish their acquisitiveness, and opposed to the hard-edged perfectionism have a propensity to be associated with Piet Mondrian and Le Corbusiers designs (Pittman, 2010:[sp]). By looking at these aspects mentioned by Stratton and Ward, it is clear that this painting unquestionably has formalism virtues, because of the elements used such as colour, line, forms which creates the principles that are associated with the painting. The main element used there was the forms that are presented and the cold colours, all of these characteristics declared that this art work represents formalism. This artwork can also be classified as abstract formalism because the main idea of the piece is left to the imagination. Conclusion Formalism was a movement that wanted to create artworks just because of arts sake; it was about the artistic skill of how the artists balance certain elements in the art to accomplish balance. The movement can also be redefined by Platos theory, so that it can be understood when not grasping the concept of formalism as a movement. Formalism has its own characteristics and so does many other art movements, which is why formalism is unique and uses its own art development when creating a design or artwork by using certain elements and using them equally to accomplish balance. By knowing what the characteristics of formalism are, it is easy to see why formalism had such a great impact on current designs and artworks. Although formalism was present in the early 20th century and was mostly connected with modernism, these aspects of formalism and even modernism is still seen in designs and artworks of the modern day. Especially the artworks mentioned in this essay, all three of these paint ings and the sculpture are works of art that were created in the 21th century, all of the pieces have formalist qualities and characteristics even though they were not produced too long ago. Formalism is a delicate movement since it is complicated generates an artwork by balancing the elements equally and producing a piece that stands for art for the sake of art. Each question that was mentioned in the introduction was acknowledged and discussed in this essay, the questions of formalism became obvious to the reader; therefore knowing what formalism entails.

A Proposed Solution to Hiring More Employees

Meeting the list above will improve healthy lifestyles for employees to keep working at their full potential. 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Purpose The purpose of this report is to hire a reasonable amount of employees for direct care at Anoka Metro Regional Treatment Center. Hiring employees would cut down performance. 1. 2 Problem The staff mentioned the lack of staff to do the work. Employees were working more hours. They expressed their frustrations about not having holidays off. Not letting the staff know at head of time that they would be working forced overtime was frustrating to staff. Staff felt frustrated with continue mandatory overtime.Patients are staying longer for treatment. Security officers are constantly call on hospital units four to five times in eight hours to handle crisis. Management not listing to staff to hire employees was a lack of team work. 2. 0 Discussion 2. 1 Solution Hire more employees to take the load off the current employees. 2. 2 Benefits Hiring new empl oyees has many benefits. Here are a few of them: Employees could spend more time with family Employees would come to work happier The company would benefit by increasing productivity Benefit economy by giving more people work. It's cheaper than having current employees work overtime.Customers would have better service. 2. 3 costs Hiring new employees can be a costly process, but it will pay off in the long run. According to Joe Hadzima, a columnist for the Boston Business Journal and lecturer at MIT's Sloan School of Management, the salary and benefits totals is â€Å"1. 25 to 1. 4 times base salary range. † As shown by Figure 1 Wages and Salaries only equal about 70% of the cost to hire new employees. There are quite a few other expenses you must take into account. The True Cost of Hiring New Employees Figure 1 2. 4 Hiring Process The company could do mix of the following to find applicants: An ad in the paperAn internet ad Job fair if enough openings are available Recruiter at a college or university one after each other. It should take a week to get the ads out and another week for applicants to respond to the ads. After the interview it should take about 2 weeks to process the applicants. In about a month new employees should be working in the company. These positions could either be full time or part time whichever is necessary. 2. 5 Training Training is one of the most expensive things about hiring new employees but it's important for employees to get the proper training.It takes on average 5 months for new employees to become good at their work. According to the Studer Group, â€Å"A survey of 610 CEOs by Harvard Business School estimates that typical mid-level managers require 6. 2 months to reach their break-even point. † There are many benefits to training employees. Here are few of them: They won't damage expensive company property. Employees will be more productive and efficient at their work. Customers will be happier when they deal with well-trained employees. Other companies are more willing to work with your company if your employees know what they are doing.Average Hours Employees are Trained In A Year This chart shows how employers are training employees more in the last few years. Figure 2 3. 0 Conclusion 3. 1 Solution Hiring new employees is the best solution for companies who are constantly busy and employees are working a ton of hours. Here are some of the many benefits: Current employees could spend more time with family Employees would come to work happier, because theyll have more time to rest and relax. The company would benefit by increasing productivity. Hiring new people is also good for the local economy by giving more people work.It's heaper to hire new employees than have current employees work overtime. Customer would also be happier with more employees so that they would have better service. 3. 2 Time Frame It should take about a month to hire new employees. It will take about 5 months for the employees to be trained in unless they have previous experience. So new employees should be hired and fully trained in in 6 months.

Comparing the Societies in Machiavellis The Prince and...

A Comparison of Societies in Machiavellis The Prince and Mores Utopia A perfect society has always been the goal for many; unfortunately it has only existed in books. The Prince by Niccolà ³ Machiavelli, written in 1513, provides necessary information to become a Prince who will obtain, keep, and please his empire. Thomas Mores Utopia, written in 1516, creates an ideal civilization that will live happily, comfortably, and without any problems. Both books attempted to solve problems within a society by critiquing other institutions and creating their own solutions. With the rise in cities, trade, and the economy in the 15th century, people began to realize order and structure in a society is necessary to flourish. Machiavelli and†¦show more content†¦With the rise in universities in the 15th century, old ideas were being questioned, and new ideas were being created. As cities began to grow, new ideas in political theory came about. Machiavelli, a pragmatic political thinker, established a form of political theory in The Prince. He emphasized p ower, war, and the advice of previous rulers in forming a strong government. He writes, governments set up overnight, like everything in nature whose growth is forced, lack strong roots and ramifications (21). By taking time to build an effective government with good advisors and strategies, a Prince will successfully rule his people. The new idea of equality led to a very different political theory in Utopia. More stated Plato when writing: a happy state of society will never be achieved, until philosophers are kings, or kings take to studying philosophy (More 57). In Utopia, it is obvious that philosophical thought created their government. Citizens of Utopia have no private property, for everything is based on communal ownership. A form of democracy is established by electing officials and a Mayor of each settlement. The government does not dominate, but guides society to flourish. Respect for human rights and equality indeed play a role in the government, and the well being of its people is the goal, not money, land or capitol goods. Utopia stresses the importance of theShow MoreRelated Utopia by Thomas More and The Prince by Machiavelli Essay821 Words   |  4 PagesUtopia by Thomas More and The Prince by Machiavelli Thomas More’s Utopia and Machiavelli’s The Prince both concern themselves with the fundamental issues of how a society works and maintains itself. The goals behind the two works, however, differ considerably. The goal of Utopia is to illustrate the maintenance of an â€Å"ideal† society and the goal of The Prince is to instruct a prince, or ruler, on how to maintain his state. On the surface these two goals may seem similar but the

Americans with Disabilities Act - 779 Words

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